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O-rings are precision-engineered circular seals designed to prevent leakage in mechanical assemblies. These versatile components consist of an elastomeric material formed into a toroid shape, creating a robust barrier when compressed between two mating surfaces. The design principle relies on the O-ring's ability to deform under pressure, filling microscopic surface imperfections and maintaining a reliable seal. Modern O-rings incorporate advanced materials like fluorocarbon, silicone, and nitrile rubber, each optimized for specific operating conditions including temperature extremes, chemical exposure, and pressure variations. These seals function effectively in both static and dynamic applications, from simple water faucets to complex aerospace systems. The manufacturing process employs precise molding techniques to ensure consistent dimensions and material properties, critical for maintaining seal integrity. O-rings are available in standardized sizes following international specifications, making them readily accessible for various industrial applications while ensuring interchangeability across different manufacturers.